Russian suspicions of U.S. motives in Syria make cooperation unlikely
Turkish soldiers stand guard as Syrian Kurdish refugees wait behind the border fences to cross into Turkey …
NEW
YORK/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The United States and Russia see Islamic
State as a common enemy but are failing to overcome deep mutual distrust
and agree on how to tackle the threat together, making any role for
Moscow in the U.S.-led campaign unlikely, say U.S. officials.
Differences between the former Cold War foes are stark, say the
officials. Moscow suspects Washington's ulterior motive is removal of
its ally, Syria's President Bashar al-Assad. Washington refuses to
consider working together as long as Moscow insists that U.S. strikes
need Syrian and U.N. approval.
Diplomatic efforts, from high-level talks at the United Nations to
informal contacts in Moscow, have failed to resolve those misgivings,
which echo broader problems in U.S.-Russian relations, already at a
post-Cold War low over the crisis in Ukraine, American officials say.
"The main obstacle to Russian participation is Moscow's position that
'this can only be taken with permission of the Syrian government or
through the U.N.,' which is not something we accept," a senior U.S.
administration official told Reuters on the condition of anonymity.
"If Russia thinks that somehow they're going to gain some kind of shift in the U.S. policy, that is not going to happen."
Though Russia has no sympathy for Islamic State militants who have
seized large tracts of territory in Iraq and Syria and face U.S.-led air
strikes in both countries, Moscow's relationship with Syria forms a
difficult backdrop to talks over any potential role.
Russia's absence from the anti-Islamic State coalition complicates
Washington's calculus, reducing the possibility of U.S. leverage over
the flow of Russian arms into Damascus as the U.S.-led campaign moves
forward with air strikes in Syria and arms anti-Assad rebels.
Moscow, which has been trying to raise its diplomatic and economic
influence in the Middle East, has been a major provider of conventional
weapons to Syria, giving Assad crucial support during the nearly
four-year civil war and blocking wider Western attempts to punish him
with sanctions for the use of force against civilians.
Washington, meanwhile, backs moderate Syrian rebels who are seeking to
topple Assad and are likely to play a central role in any future ground
campaign inside Syria. The U.S. government accuses Assad of widespread
human rights abuses and says it will never ask for Assad's permission
for its air strikes.
While
this all but rules out military collaboration in Syria against Islamic
State, also known as ISIL, U.S. officials still see potential for common
cause on another front: aiding Baghdad's battle to roll back Islamic
State's gains in Iraq. But there, too, joint U.S.-Russian action appears
out of the question.
"The
U.S. and Russia share an interest in defeating the kind of violent
extremism that ISIL represents," a senior State Department official
said.
“DIDN’T CHANGE ANYTHING"
Russian sensitivity about Assad's fate figured prominently in private
discussions between Moscow and Washington in recent weeks, say U.S.
officials with direct knowledge of those talks. After President Barack
Obama announced air strikes against Islamic State forces in Iraq in
August, members of his administration began signaling to Moscow that
Syria was next, the officials said.
They said Secretary of State John Kerry conveyed the message to Russian
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Paris on Sept. 15 on the sidelines of
a conference on Iraq, attended by U.N. Security Council permanent
members, European and Arab states, and representatives of the EU, Arab
League and United Nations. All pledged to help the government in
Baghdad.
At that meeting,
Kerry offered assurances that the United States would not directly
target Assad or his forces, the officials said. Meeting at the United
Nations on Wednesday, just days after the start of the U.S.-led air
assault in Syria, the two again discussed the conflict.
"It didn't change anything," a senior U.S. official said.
At a news conference at the United Nations on Friday, Lavrov questioned
the legality of the air campaign and also gave the United States a
"we-told-you-so" message about the consequences of U.S. policy in the
region.
"We are fighting against terrorism consistently, constantly, not just when someone announces a coalition," Lavrov said.
Moscow had long warned of the potential blowback of U.S. support for
the anti-Assad opposition in Syria's civil war. Plans to expand American
training and arming of moderate rebels have only heightened those
concerns.
BEHIND-THE-SCENES EFFORTS
Despite that, Russia could gain from any U.S. success against Islamic
State, which has been joined by fighters from Russia's predominantly
Muslim North Caucasus, a region where militants wage daily violence to
establish an Islamic state.
The bloodshed there is rooted in two wars that Moscow fought with
Chechen separatists after the Soviet Union's fall and these fighters
could pose a security risk for Russia if they return to the North
Caucasus.
Among two dozen
individuals and groups identified by the U.S. State Department on Sept.
24 as foreign terrorists or terrorist facilitators was a Chechen
militant group, Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar. The designation, which
enables Washington to freeze assets and block financial transactions,
was seen as benefiting Moscow.
But U.S. officials say Washington has made no specific request to
Moscow to join the coalition or work together in the fight against
Islamic State. Nor has Russia offered to do so, they said. But they
acknowledge Moscow's potential importance in any campaign in the Middle
East.
"There's no doubt that
Russia is a key player on Syria, on Iraq, and will inevitably be
involved in whatever we are dealing with," though it remains to be seen
what kind of role that will entail, the senior Obama administration
official said.
A group of U.S. and Russian foreign policy experts
who regularly advise their own governments met privately in Moscow last
week, seeking common ground in the fight against Islamic State,
according to a person close to the matter.The Russian delegation, which included former officials still close to the Kremlin, expressed interest in counterterrorism cooperation, including intelligence sharing. But the talks encountered too much mutual distrust to agree on anything tangible, the person said.
The discussions were held on the basis of what is known as "Track II" diplomacy, an unofficial channel for international conflict resolution.
In Moscow, Fyodor Lukyanov, editor-in-chief of the journal Russia in
Global Affairs, said Russia's role in the fight against Islamic State
likely would be limited to assisting the Iraqi and Syrian governments.
Moscow already supplies weapons to security forces in both countries.
"Russia has no desire, no plan and no interest to be part of any
campaign led by the United States," said Lukyanov, who is also head of a
Kremlin foreign-policy advisory panel.
"The Russian view is that all this mess to a large extent has been
produced by the reckless and crazy policy in its invasion of Iraq," he
said, referring to the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq that was heavily
criticized by Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Washington was pleased when Russia, which has often shielded Assad at
the United Nations, voted on Wednesday in favor of a U.S.-backed
resolution urging governments to help stem the flow of foreign fighters
to militant groups, U.S. officials said.
But Matthew Rojansky, a Russia expert at the Wilson Center think tank
in Washington, said Obama's U.N. speech the same day in which he warned
Putin of further costs of "aggression" against Ukraine may have erased
any goodwill.
"From the Russian perspective, everything is linked," he said.
James Goldgeier, a Kremlinologist at American University in Washington,
said the obstacles to U.S.-Russia cooperation against Islamic State
appear too formidable to overcome soon, but that a change of tack could
come if Moscow felt an increased threat to its own security.
"For now, Russia’s biggest concern is preserving what little influence
it has left in the Middle East,” he said. “And that means Syria.”
(Additional reporting by Thomas Grove in Moscow. Editing by Jason Szep and John Pickering)
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